Mucopolysaccharides are linear polymer compounds formed by the polymerization of disaccharide units composed of two types of hexose derivatives, namely amino hexose and uronic acid. Due to their stickiness, many of them are called mucopolysaccharides (also known as amino polysaccharides). Mucopolysaccharides are the main component of connective tissue and are present in the mucus secreted by tissue interstitium and glands. In organisms, mucopolysaccharides often bind to proteins to form mucins, and mucin molecules often simultaneously connect to multiple external mucopolysaccharides. Therefore, the proportion of mucopolysaccharides often exceeds that of protein components, and mucins are also known as proteoglycans.
1. Hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid binds to proteins and is present in the vitreous, cornea, and umbilical cord of the eye, as well as in connective tissue. It forms a viscous gel with water, which can lubricate and protect cells.
Hyaluronic acid is a disaccharide derivative formed by connecting β - D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine through a β -1,3-glycosidic bond, and then using this as a repeating unit to connect with each other through a β -1,4-glycosidic bond to form hyaluronic acid. Its structure is as follows:
β - D-glucuronic acid N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
The aqueous solution of hyaluronic acid has high viscosity and can be hydrolyzed by hyaluronidase to reduce its viscosity. Some venomous snakes and bacteria contain this hyaluronidase, which can hydrolyze hyaluronic acid in tissues, making it easier for venom or pathogens to invade. Semen also contains a large amount of hyaluronidase, which can hydrolyze the hyaluronic acid on the surface of the egg, making it easier for sperm to combine with the egg and fertilize.
2. Sulfate cartilage belly
Sulfate cartilage is present in most connective tissues and is the main structural component of cartilage, tendons, and bone. Cartilage mucin in cartilage is formed by the binding of sulfate cartilage and proteins. There are three known types of sulfate cartilage: A, B, and C. The structure of chondroitin sulfate A is similar to hyaluronic acid, except that the amino sugar in the repeating structural unit is N-acetylgalactose, and the hydroxyl group on its C-4 or C-6 forms an ester with sulfuric acid. Its structure is as follows:
β - D-iduronic acid N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate ester
Sulfate chondroitin A
In the above structure, if the aldehyde is D-iduronic acid, it is sulfate cartilage B; if the 4-sulfate ester is changed to 6-sulfate ester, it is sulfate cartilage C.
β - D-iduronic acid N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate ester
In recent years, sulfate chondroitin sulfate has been used clinically to treat nephritis, acute and chronic hepatitis, migraine, arteriosclerosis, and coronary heart disease.
3. Heparin
Heparin is a relatively simple viscous polysaccharide with a relative molecular weight of 3000-35000. Heparin exists in the liver, lungs, blood vessel walls, muscles, and intestinal mucosa of animals, and is called heparin because it was first discovered in the liver. Heparin is an antagonist of thrombin, which can cause thrombin to lose its function, thus preventing blood from clotting in the body. The anticoagulant effect of heparin is clinically applied to prevent possible thrombosis and organ adhesion after certain surgeries.
The structure of heparin is relatively complex, generally believed to be composed of α - L-iduronic acid-2-sulfate, N-sulfo - α - D-glucosamine 6-sulfate, β - D-glucuronic acid, and N-sulfo - α - D-glucosamine 6-sulfate bound by glycosidic bonds to form "tetrasaccharides" as structural units, which are then polymerized into polysaccharides.
Alpha L-iduron N-sulfo - α - D-amino β - D-glucose N-sulfo - α - D-amino Aldehyde-2-sulfate glucose-6-sulfate glucuronic acid glucose-6-sulfate heparin
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